Needs assessment and learner analysis Assignment

Needs assessment and learner analysis - Assignment Example Beverly observes that vaccines do not guarantee the success of preventing a disease (2012). Some vaccines are known to fail, therefore making the patient vulnerable to an attack. On this note, the effectiveness of the performance of a vaccine depends on many factors. Stratton (2004) denotes that the nature of a disease is a factor that may affect the effectiveness of a vaccine. For instance tuberculosis has the capability of resisting any form of a vaccine. Stratton (2004) and Beverly (2012) observe that the strain of the vaccine and the timetable of the vaccination program can influence the success or failure of a vaccination program. Some vaccines work better for a particular strain of disease, and other fail to work. It is also important to follow the timetable of the vaccination program, or else the vaccine might fail to work. Another factor is the genetic nature of an individual, and whether he has the capability of generating anti-bodies which will react with the vaccine to prevent a disease (Beverly 2012 and Stratton 2004). Stratton further denotes that the age of an individual plays a greater role in the efficiency of an immunization (2004). For instance, it is useless to immunize adults against polio, because the vaccine will not work. After conducting a needs assessment on the efficiency of early immunization, this paper is therefore a report on the findings, and a learner analysis of the vaccination program. The main audiences of the analysis are parents who serve in the military. The military provides immunization for their officers through the military immunization agency (Lemon, 2002). Lemon further asserts that the agency has the mandate of ensuring that military officers and their children are immunized against diseases that are a threat to their lives (2002). However, it is important to ensure early immunization of their children, since age is a factor in the

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 67

Summary - Essay Example In terms of recruitment, selection is often done on the basis of qualifications and experience of the prospective job candidate in order to establish if he or she is capable of performing the job. Organization can be loosely described as a group of people working together for a common cause or purpose. For instance, a group of people involved in some sort of business can be referred to as an organization because they are somehow organized and they pull their efforts towards the attainment of the desired goals. Usually, people work for different goals such as the need to obtain profit from their operations and these goals can only be achieved if the people involved are organized. In an organization, people have a clear vision and they are aware of the direction to follow in their operations. Interpretation is a term that is used to describe the process where a person tries to explain the meaning of something. For instance, a piece of art or music can have different meanings and people often try to explain these meanings to other people in order for them to fully understand the message that is being conveyed. Thus, interpretation is an attempt to elaborate the meaning of something which can be interpreted in different

Search Theory in Employment Scenario

Search Theory in Employment Scenario Introduction There have been changes in technology over years with people appreciating and embracing the technological changes. This has been witnessed even in the job search sector with most jobs advertised online. The use of internet has not only made the work easier but issued an efficient and effective platform for job search. Job websites like Monster.com has enabled many to get information in relation to vacancies. This has made them apply and in the process develop their careers in an easier manner. The Search Theory supports the notion that information availability helps in the reduction of frictional unemployment among workers (Alper et al., 2013). According to Stevenson (2008), the use of internet has enabled workers to change jobs without huge unemployment spell. Based in these two readings, job search using internet is improving today’s workers prospects when it comes to employment.6 Search Theory This theory is about sellers and buyer who struggle to find a partner in commerce at the spot. The theory specifically aims in finding the optimal strategy when choosing from several opportunities. The assumption made in the choosing is that there is a cost related to not making the decision. The search theory helps in the identification of the balance between cost and value. The cost is in relation to delay while the value is as per the act of trying again (Alper et al., 2013). Application of Search Theory in Employment Scenario This is one of the most influential theories in the economics field as to date. This theory is normally used in the economics of labor to study unemployment and factors related to it. The kind of employment studied is normally those caused by the employees seeking jobs that they desire more. The theory holds that desirability of a given occupation depends on the values of the available alternatives minus the undesired act that is associated with the hunt. That is, Occupation Desirabity = Alternatives Value- Hunting Undesirability This simply means that the desire of a given occupation depends on the value of the alternative jobs and the undesired to hunt the jobs (Alper et al., 2013). The use of internet in the job search has improved the desire when it comes to occupations. This is because of the fact that it has improved the information in relation to the alternatives in the market. Internet also has reduced the undesirability that is related to job search. Internet is a friendly method that is cost effective and reliable making people to desire its use (Alper et al., 2013). Employment Prospect Improvement First, it allows the employee to search for the known distribution of the vacancies. The known distribution vacancies are the job vacancies that one is aware of their existence. The information in relation to their existence can be from a friend, colleague or print material. The use of internet will increase the chances of employment since it will provide additional information in relation to the vacancy. The information can be in terms of how to apply for the job or the requirements that needed for application or the qualifications (Autor, 2001). According to Jansen, Jansen, Spink (2005), the use of internet can improve the employee’s employment prospect enabling the search for ‘unknown jobs’. This gives us the second point of this section which is searching for the unknown vacancies. ‘Unknown jobs’ are the jobs that one didn’t know of their existence thus could look no information in relations to it. This is normally done through random search in the job advert sites and sees if there are any relevant jobs. The ‘unknown job search’ can also be done trough random access to websites or other sections including sending emails o friends and social media. Internet job search allows for the search of jobs in a randomized manner (Glover, 2009). Jobs are always posted in a daily basis in the job sites thus making it important for randomized job search in these sites. This increases the chances that the employee will get a better job or develop his or her career to the better. The last point in this sector will be that internet job search can enable one to get a better job. The changes can be in terms of increased payment, increased benefits, higher or the change of environments. Using internet to search for jobs can enable one learn if the place they work at is really to the standard. If not, one can take the action of going to the better place or occupation or industry. Getting a better job normally comes with satisfaction and thus one values him or herself which is the main reason for career development (Holzer, 1996). According to Windleton and Five O’clock Club, people do go to internet so as to see that they access and apply to better jobs or positions. This is from the fact that in the market there are different ranges of salaries that are offered. These regions may be divided into the sections of government, non- government and private organizations. Similarly, the requirements needed in a given position may differ in terms of level of compe tence, experience or qualification. The Internet and Job Search by Stevenson Majority of the people who use internet when searching for jobs normally get employed in the relevant sectors they want to (Stevenson, 2008). These employment sectors have also made it clear that the internet is the way to go since this are the areas that they advertise jobs. Internet has enabled the employees to identify and shift from job to job in an easy way. There are several ways to which this improves the employee’s employment prospects; these are discussed below. Employment Prospect Improvement First prospect is that the internet offers job options to the employee without looking for in several sources. The internet allows the employee to get access in relation to the vacancies at the sitting position. This makes the employee to not waste time walking or engaging in activities as he or she looks for vacancies. As any other source of media, the fact that it informs the employee is an act of awareness creation. This makes the employee informed of the surrounding and the job vacancies that are related to his or her career. Most of the employers have shifted and advertises their jobs online thus one can only access the information through use of internet. Employers also have shifted their mentality and prefer the use of emails when it comes to job application. This ensures that the application gets to the relevant authority in a short span of time. Email use for job application also helps in the ensuring reliability of the means (Green, 2010). Secondly, use of internet in job search shows that the employee is up to date with the changes in technology. Dynamicity of the work places is a reality and the employees prefer potential employers or employers to be able to use these technologies. For example, a marketing firm that uses online as a strategy of marketing will only prefer sales person who know how to use the internet (Onah and Nigeria, 1994). The fact that most people are educated and have similar qualification makes it relevant to appreciate an additional skill. This means that those with the information in relation to internet use have higher employment chances that those who don’t. Thirdly, the use of internet in job search is cheaper compare to other means thus cost effective. Internet use can be in a bus, at a place of work, in the garden or any other place. This allows the act of multi tasking thus saving time. Using internet to search for jobs allows one to look for a job without making frictions with the present employer. This is because the employee will look for the jobs while at the office in the free moments between the working hours. This develops the career of the employee at the place of work. The same time it makes the employee aware of the greener pastures and their availability (Bellante and Jackson, 1983). Fourthly, the use of internet for job search improves the employment prospect of an individual through increasing the engagement frequency. The internet allows for the employee to engage as much as he or she wants with the site as he or she search for jobs. This freedom of engagement makes the use of internet in job search become flexible. With flexibility, internet then turns to be the best choice since one can refer to a site as many times as he or she wants. The fifth point will be in terms of reliability of the internet in job search. Most organizations normally make their advertisements in the website so that makes it appropriate for one to search jobs in the website (Keifer and Neumann, 1979). Even the adverts that are normally in the print source are first put in the website before getting them to the print media. This makes the employee therefore to get first hand information. Reliability of the use of internet also goes together with its accessibility compared to other means . This makes accessibility the sixth point: since the internet can be used in 24 hours, no matter the place, it is more accessible. Accessibility of the internet makes it more effective and efficient since time is not wasted. The seventh point is that internet job search equips the employee with the information in relation to job characteristics. Internet job search enables one to know the culture of the firm thus able to see if he or she can fit. This is through the information that is normally given in the organizations website. The eighth point is that internet job search enable creation of personal network. This is normally done through the platforms like LinkedIn among others. Through these networks the employees can know what to expect in the organization in terms of salary and also the environment (Green, 2010). Conclusion The Search Theory has three points that supports that internet job search improves the employees of today prospects. The work by Stevenson (Dissertation) also gives more than seven points as evidence of the same. Using this two works, it is therefore clear that the use of internet in job search in this era increases the prospect of the employees. Work Cited Alpern, S., In Fokkink, R., In GaÃÅ'Â ¨sieniec, L., In Lindelauf, R., In Subrahmanian, V. S. (2013).Search theory: A game theoretic perspective. New York, NY: Springer. Stevenson B. (2008). The Internet and Job Search (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge. (Order No. 13886) Green, L. (2010).The internet: An introduction to new media. Oxford: Berg. Keifer, N., Neumann, G. (1979). An Empirical Job Search Model, with a Test of Constant Reservation Wage Hypothesis. Journal of Political Economy, 87 (1), 89-107 Bellante, D. and Jackson, M. ( 1983). Labor Economics: Choices in Labor Markets. New York: McGraw- Hill Autor, A. (2001). Writing the Labor Market. Journal of Economic Prospect, 15 (1), 25-40. Jansen, B., Jansen, K., Spink, A. (2005) Using the Web to Look for Work: Implication of Online Job Seeking and Recruiting. Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 15(1), 49- 66. Holzer, H. (1996). What Employees Want: Job Prospects for Less- Educated Workers. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Glover, C. (2009).How to Use the Internet to Get Your Next Job. Atlanta: Atlantic Pub Co. Wendleton, K., Five OClock Club (New York, N.Y.). (2014).Shortcut your job search: Get meetings that get you the job. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Onah, F. E., Nigeria. (1994).Employment prospects and training needs for self-employment in Nigeria. Lagos: National Manpower Board.

Painting What We See Within: A Look at the Insides of Art Therapy Essay

Painting What We See Within: A Look at the Insides of Art Therapy One of the most memorable experiences I had last summer was visiting the American Visionary Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. (3)At this museum, professional artists had created none of the works hanging on the walls. Visionary art is an individualized expression by people with little or no formal training; the rules of art as a school did not apply here. While I was there, I learned that for many years, the artwork created by patients of mental institutions, hospitals, and nursing homes were disregarded and destroyed by their caretakers. After seeing what powerful and telling work came from many people in these situations, I found this information to be very distressing. Fortunately, the development of art as a form of therapy has changed the medical attitude toward art created by the healing in the past fifty years. While the work created through this therapy is rarely showcased as at the American Visionary, it is aiding therapists and their clients in reaching a new awareness. Art therapy uses media and the creative process in healing, the key word here being process. We all know how revealing the artwork of children can be of their emotions. Art therapy applies this concept across the spectrum in a multitude of situations. It functions in many of the same settings as conversational therapy: mental health or rehabilitation facilities, wellness centers, educational institutions, nursing homes, in private practices or in a client's home. An art therapist may work with an individual or group, in families or couples. While most therapy is based on conversation between the therapist and his or here client/s, art therapy integrates visual communication into th... .... Personally, I don't see why the developments in the study of art therapy shouldn't change our attitudes toward creative arts in general. When was the last time you sat down with crayons and drew a picture, or put on your favorite song and danced just for the heck of it? Sure, if you are creatively talented you might study art or music, but through as we get older we take even our most creative work too seriously. We try to make it good according to external standards rather than doing it for our own good. In the broader sense of things, I don't think art therapy is just for the healing. I believe our lives would be brighter and less stressful if we got into the habit of being just a little creative every day. Internet Sources: 1)http://www.arttherapy.org/ 2)http://www.avam.org/ 3)http://www.artsintherapy.com/ 4)http://www.creativeresponse.org.uk/

Argument for the Gettysburg Address

What was the real message Abraham Lincoln was saying in his famous Gettysburg Address? His message was that everyone is equal. During the Civil War, almost everyone living in our country was affected. Lincoln also practiced his speech by including everyone, who died in the devastating war. We still practice that important message today in America. When the war between our nations began, everyone was affected in one way or the other. It didn’t matter if you were rich or poor you would be affected in some way. Even if you didn’t have to go battle yourself, you could easily loose family relative of yours.If you survived the war you could become deeply depressed by all of the bloodshed and our temporarily divided country. This war was to decide if we were a free nation or a country that would allow slavery to be practiced. That decision would affect every single man, woman, and child in our nation. If we had chosen slavery, America would not be the country it is today. In h is famous speech Lincoln honored the dead soldiers, who died in the brutal war. He didn’t just honor the Union soldiers, who died in the war. He didn’t just honor white people, who gave their lives, either.Abraham Lincoln also honored black people and Confederate soldiers, who gave their lives for what they thought was right. Lincoln decided not to be bias in his speech and just honor the people, who died, for the Union Army. How do we still practice the equality of people today? Black, white, Hispanic, and other races of children in America attend the same school. If you were a Hispanic, black, or any other race you can go to any college in the United States. It doesn’t matter if you are rich or poor you can get a job, because most Americans care whether or not you are a hard worker.If you lose your job you can go to an unemployment center to look at opened jobs. If a person becomes homeless in America, they can go to shelters for help. If that happened to you in another country, you would have to fend for yourself. Whether you are higher class, middle class, or lower class you are generally treated the same by everyone. Hispanic, back, and other different people can have an office in the government. You can practice any religion without being persecution by the government. You are allowed to buy the same brand of food as wealthy people buy at about the same amount of price as they get it.People in the United States have a right to own property, and they don’t have to worry about the government taking it away from them. Americans do not have to worry about being spied on by someone. Almost every person living in America is not afraid of getting arrested if they say something insulting about the American government. America is a nation that offers freedoms the no other country in the world has allowed. Even though Abraham Lincoln didn’t use flowery language, like Edward Everett, his address was remembered as one of our most f amous speeches in American history.Many people were affected by the tragic Civil War. Lincoln honored everyone, who died fighting the war, in his very short, ten-sentence speech. We still follow Abraham Lincoln’s message to day in this country. Not very many people know what important message was delivered on November 19, 1863. The message was just three simple words â€Å"people are equal. † We should always follow Abraham Lincoln’s message to the United States of America. The Gettysburg Address is a speech that we should never forget.

Are professional athletes paid too much? Essay

The Right to Bear Arms Is the right to bear arms needed for U.S. citizens today? Should we have the right to retaliate if other freedoms are seized? Should we have the right to hunt? Should we have the right to protect our belongings and families? If you said yes to any of these questions, then you probably believe that we do need protection, hunting, and other freedoms that are vital. First, U.S. citizens have the right to protect themselves. For example, robberies and other crimes occur every day and people are entitled to protect themselves. If we don’t have the right to bear arms, then gas-station cashiers would not be able to protect themselves and the money in the cash register. Another example is that if someone breaks into your home to steal from you or hurt you, how are you going to protect yourself and your belongings? The police take too long to get to your home, so we need our right to bear arms! While it is important to protect ourselves, it is also important to hunt. It has been a sour ce of food since the beginning of time. Unless hunters are able to use guns there will be less food on the table for many Americans. Hunting is also a sport and a hobby to many Americans. Teenagers, adolescents, and young adults are always complaining about being bored. Hunting is an important activity to this age group, so the government does not need to take this away from U.S. citizens. While protection and hunting are very important, it is also important to remember that when the government takes one freedom they can also take others. In fact, once the government seized our right to bear arms, they could take away our freedom of speech. We would not be able to retaliate if they took our right to bear arms, so they would have full power and dictatorship over all U.S. citizens. Another freedom the government could take is our freedom of religion. It would be easier for them to control how we did everything, because we can’t do anything about it without guns. Finally, these three reasons are excellent reasons for why I support the right to bear arms. All of these reasons are proof for how we would not have much freedom at all without the second amendment. Our ancestors put this amendment in the Bill of Rights for many reasons, but these are just a few. Even if you don’t support the right to bear arms,  these reasons could persuade anyone to support it. Protection, hunting, and freedom of speech/religion for American citizens are the reasons for why I support the second amendment.

Free Essays on The Connection Between Happiness And Virtue

The Connection Between Happiness and Virtue Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is an analysis of character and intelligence as they relate to happiness. Aristotle distinguished two kinds of "virtue," or human excellence: moral and intellectual. Moral virtue is an expression of character, formed by habits reflecting repeated choices. A moral virtue is always a mean between two less desirable extremes. Courage, for example, is a mean between cowardice and thoughtless rashness; generosity, between extravagance and parsimony. Intellectual virtues are not subject to this doctrine of the mean. Aristotle argued for an elitist ethics: Full excellence can be realized only by the mature male adult of the upper class, not by women, or children, or barbarians (non-Greeks), or salaried "mechanics" (manual workers) for whom, indeed, Aristotle did not want to allow voting rights. This idea does not hold strong, however, because it asserts that morality is a virtue or morality is a coefficient of external factors, namely rich and the poor; the educated and the uneducated, etc. However, morality is a factor by itself and can only be expressed in its true form, independent of what kind of person is expressing it. According to Aristotle, the good is "defined as that which all things aim" (1094a2-3, 3). For example he sites politics as being an example of the good because "the end of politics is the good for man" (1094a 8-9, 4). He stipulates the difference between the good and the highest good by analyzing different degree of outcome in difference fields. He compares for example the good of the state as a whole and that of the individual, showing that it is far more significant to safeguard the well being of the state over that of an individual. Yet, Aristotle admits that even the good does not yield happiness of all involved. This is what he calls the limitations of ethics and politics. Here, he shows that politics has it flaws because not everyone is ... Free Essays on The Connection Between Happiness And Virtue Free Essays on The Connection Between Happiness And Virtue The Connection Between Happiness and Virtue Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is an analysis of character and intelligence as they relate to happiness. Aristotle distinguished two kinds of "virtue," or human excellence: moral and intellectual. Moral virtue is an expression of character, formed by habits reflecting repeated choices. A moral virtue is always a mean between two less desirable extremes. Courage, for example, is a mean between cowardice and thoughtless rashness; generosity, between extravagance and parsimony. Intellectual virtues are not subject to this doctrine of the mean. Aristotle argued for an elitist ethics: Full excellence can be realized only by the mature male adult of the upper class, not by women, or children, or barbarians (non-Greeks), or salaried "mechanics" (manual workers) for whom, indeed, Aristotle did not want to allow voting rights. This idea does not hold strong, however, because it asserts that morality is a virtue or morality is a coefficient of external factors, namely rich and the poor; the educated and the uneducated, etc. However, morality is a factor by itself and can only be expressed in its true form, independent of what kind of person is expressing it. According to Aristotle, the good is "defined as that which all things aim" (1094a2-3, 3). For example he sites politics as being an example of the good because "the end of politics is the good for man" (1094a 8-9, 4). He stipulates the difference between the good and the highest good by analyzing different degree of outcome in difference fields. He compares for example the good of the state as a whole and that of the individual, showing that it is far more significant to safeguard the well being of the state over that of an individual. Yet, Aristotle admits that even the good does not yield happiness of all involved. This is what he calls the limitations of ethics and politics. Here, he shows that politics has it flaws because not everyone is ...

Marketing Objectives How to Set Them in Six Steps - CoSchedule

Marketing Objectives How to Set Them in Six Steps Marketing objectives are the foundation of any good marketing strategy. Imagine youre leading a marketing team (even a sub-team within your department) and have no means of communicating the specific numbers all of their work is meant to influence. Your team would likely do things they think are for the best interest of the company (but everyone would feel siloed because everyone would be doing their own thing) wonder how their efforts are actually paying off in the long run (because they have no reason to measure how what they do is influencing actual results) look to you for guidance (because the success of your team lies on your ability to communicate why theyre working on something, and not how to do it) Marketing objectives help your team by giving measurable KPIs they can directly influence through their work, which, if influenced well, results in meeting goals. In this sense, marketing objectives guide your team to develop and execute the best ideas that will make your goals a reality. However, setting those marketing objectives is not an easy task. What constitutes a goal vs. an objective? How do you know if you’ve selected the right ones? Table of Contents Free Marketing Objectives + Google Analytics Guide What Are Marketing Objectives? Why Do Marketing Objectives Matter? 17 Goals And Marketing Objective Examples How To Set Up Your Marketing Objectives In 6 Steps Step One: Remember Your Mission Statement. Step Two: Set Your Marketing Objectives. Step Three: Tie Your Marketing Goals Into Your Marketing Objectives. Step Four: Develop A Marketing Strategy. Step Five: Align Your Marketing Goals With Your Marketing Funnel. Step Six: Measure And Report Your Progress. Get Your Free Guide: Tracking Marketing Objectives in Google Analytics This article walks you through what marketing objectives are, explains how to set (and measure) them, and offers some examples of objectives a business like yours might select. As you begin communicating your objectives to your team, youll need methods for measuring them. Google Analytics is one of the best (and easiest) tools to measure your objectives (at least at first). The free guide that complements this article helps you: Implement the tactics youll learn throughout this article step by step so you can put your knowledge into practice immediately. Consider it a worksheet to follow along as you read this article so by the time youre done, youll have a solid start on setting your objectives. Create Goals in Google Analytics so you can put real numbers to the work you do. Doing without measuring doesnt actually accomplish anything (from a business perspective). So use these step-by-step, easy-to-follow instructions to understand the value everything you publish provides. So download your free marketing objectives guide now! 😉 How to Set Clear Marketing Objectives In Six Simple StepsAlright, now that you have your guide to follow along, let's get started! What Are Marketing Objectives? There are many different definitions of marketing objectives.   For our purposes, here’s the definition we’ll use: â€Å"A marketing objective assigns aspirational measurable values to your goals so that your team may better understand how what they do directly impacts business outcomes." Really quick... if you're wondering what the difference between a marketing goal and a marketing objective are, here's an example: Goal: "{Company} must be perceived as a leader in the {industry} market so that we may increase market share, which ultimately drives revenue growth." This is what you want. vs. Objective: "{Company} will increase share of voice by 20% by the end of Q3." This is how you'll know if you've been successful at influencing that goal. With objectives, your team may better come up with ideas to influence a specific metric that results in making the goal a reality. Why Do Marketing Objectives Matter? Marketing objectives are the endpoints of your marketing strategy. They give your team a direction and a goal to work towards. They also help show what’s working by giving you something concrete to measure your progress  against. Finally, establishing clear objectives is important for determining which specific marketing tactics and tasks  you’ll execute to achieve them. 17 Goals And Marketing Objective Examples If you’re in the process of setting your new objectives, here are some goal and objective examples to help get you started:Goal Example Marketing Objective Example 1 Improve brand reputation Gain and retain a 90% positive share of voice by the end of the calendar year so that prospective customers know, like, and trust us. 2 Increase brand presence Publish 4 articles every month on external sources our target audience follows to increase brand presence. 3 Optimize brand positioning Define brand positioning statement and communication frameworks by the end of the month so that our team understands our strategic differentiators from the competition. 4 Increase traffic Test three new traffic generation methods every month to increase traffic month over month by 3%. 5 Increase suspect pipeline Increase website conversion rates by 2% by the end of Q2 so that we increase the number of suspects in our marketing to sales pipeline from 500 to 510. 6 Diversify lead sources Test two new lead generation sources every month in fiscal year 2020 to find at least two successful methods of generating new demand that we will implement by the end of 2021. 7 Acquire more prospects from existing market Implement content upgrades into every blog post by the end of the calendar year to turn 30% of our website visitors into prospective sales leads. 8 Launch product Define the go-to-market strategy for Product A by the end of the week so that the team can create all content before the launch date. 9 Improve product quality Launch Product A by the end of the month with zero bugs. 10 Acquire more customers from existing market Implement off-site tactics to acquire 5% more customers month over month by the end of the fiscal year. 11 Break into new markets Research the competition in Market A by the end of Q1 so that we understand how to differentiate Product A positioning to win new marketshare. 12 Retain existing customers Reduce bugs to zero for every feature launch so that user churn decreases to 3% by the end of Q4. 13 Increase efficiency Publish four blog posts every week by the end of the calendar year. 14 Increase revenue Launch four new products by the end of the fiscal year to increase revenue. 15 Increase profit margin Improve brand positioning on ten existing products by the end of the calendar year to increase product value so that we may increase prices for those product lines. 16 Improve customer experience Reduce user experience challenges in Product A to improve net promoter scores (NPS) to 70%+. 17 Improve customer advocacy Implement a customer ambassador program by the end of the calendar year so that our best customers introduce our product to new prospective customers. How To Set Up Your Marketing Objectives In 6 Steps Now that you know what marketing objectives are and have seen a few examples for yourself, you can begin the process of setting up your own. Here’s how to do it in six steps: Step One: Remember Your Mission Statement. Step Two: Set Your Marketing Objectives. Step Three: Tie Your Marketing Goals Into Your Marketing Objectives. Step Four: Develop A Marketing Strategy. Step Five: Align Your Marketing Goals With Your Marketing Funnel. Step Six: Measure And Report Your Progress. Before we begin, let’s set the stage. This example will focus on a fictitious bookstore called â€Å"Reading Nook Bookstore.† Two different marketers are part of this story, Peter and Natalie. Peter is a new marketing strategist at Reading Nook Bookstore. Natalie is the marketing director and has been at Reading Nook Bookstore for five years. Let’s begin. So, how exactly do you set marketing objectives? Learn everything you need to know here. Step One: Remind Your Team Of Your Mission Statement Peter is about to begin work with Natalie on setting next year’s marketing objectives. Peter is new to this process, so Natalie decided to walk him through how setting up marketing objectives works. The first step in this process is reviewing the mission statement of your organization. Natalie pulled up the Reading Nook Bookstore website and showed Peter the following mission statement: â€Å"The goal of Reading Nook Bookstore is to inspire and nurture the love of reading across generations of families.† As you begin to work on your marketing objectives, remember your mission statement. If you get stuck, refer back to your statement and ask yourself: â€Å"If we complete this objective, how does it help fulfill our mission?† Step Two: Set Your Marketing Objectives When you’re setting up your objectives, the first thing you need to focus on is answering this question: What is your overarching marketing objective? Your overarching objective should be the end goal that your marketing team wants to achieve by a certain time. This is the driving force behind every other objective and goal that you set. This also means that your objective should be broad enough to give you plenty of room to work out your entire marketing strategy. Now that Peter and Natalie have their overarching marketing objective, their next step is to set the rest of their marketing goals. Here are some goals they might set to achieve their objective: Increase the conversion rate of their audience by 25% in one year. Double the number of purchases by 18- to 35-year-olds by June 2021. Increase average in-store purchase value from $10 to $35 in one year. Each one of these goals has something important in common. They have a specific numerical data point that must be met by an end date. Step Three: Tie Your SMART Marketing Goals Into Your Marketing Objectives The next step in Peter and Natalie’s marketing objective process is to create their SMART marketing goals. Marketing goals differ a bit from marketing objectives. Marketing objectives are the overarching outcomes you want to achieve, which you set for your team. Marketing goals are the stepping stones you need to complete to reach your objective. Your goals should be the specific building blocks that help you reach your initial objectives. Each one should build off the other like this: So let’s take the marketing objectives that Natalie and Peter created earlier and set a series of marketing goals that revolve around each one. Their first objective was: Increase online conversion rate by 25% in one year. Some marketing goals that Natalie and Peter could set are: Increase the ranking of 10 landing pages to the top three spots on Google by optimizing them for specific keywords. Decrease abandoned shopping carts by 50%. The second objective Peter and Natalie need to set marketing goals for is: Double the size of our 18- to 35-year-old audience by June 2021. Examples of goals that Peter and Natalie could set might include: Creating an active presence on Instagram and Snapchat with each account having over 1,000 followers by the end of June 2018. Host a book club with topics aimed to entice target audience with 2,000 active members by March 2021. Their third objective that Natalie and Peter need to set goals for is: Increase average in-store purchase value from$10 to $35 in one year. Example goals for this post could be: Host book club Meetups in the store to increase in-store traffic by 30%. Market in the most trafficked areas of the store to increase new in-store membership signups by 25%. Each of the goals and its parent objective relates back to the overarching goal of increasing the revenue of Reading Nook Bookstore by three million dollars. Connect your #marketing objectives to your overall business objectives. Step Four: Set Up A Marketing Strategy The next step in your marketing objective process is to set up your marketing strategy. The strategy that you set up will help you reach your objective. The marketing strategy that Reading Nook Bookstore will execute involves: Creating a blog to help generate leads from helpful and relevant content. Promote that content with social media and email newsletters. Use social media ads, Google PPC, and retargeting ads to reach new customers. DID YOU KNOW: can help you plan and execute your entire strategy on one marketing calendar? See how with this live demo recap video. Step Five: Match Your Marketing Goals To Your Marketing Funnel The next step in your process is setting up a series of marketing goals that help guide potential customers to purchasing your product. A marketing funnel will usually look something like this: Awareness:  The awareness stage is letting your target audience know that you exist. This could be from reading your blog, seeing your social media ads, or stumbling across a PPC ad. Interest:  The interest stage involves getting your target audience to connect with your content. Here your potential customers would become more invested in your content by subscribing to your email list. Consideration:  This is the nurturing part of your funnel. It helps connect the solution your company offers to the problems your audience is experiencing. Your marketers would be sending a series of emails to help start nurturing them to learn more about your product. Intent:  This is the first part of the sales stage of your marketing funnel. Here is where all of your solutions will be laid out in front of your new potential customers. This is where your sales team will step in to talk to potential customers. Evaluation:  Your target audience will evaluate what options have been presented to them by your sales team. At this point, your customers may return to their teams to discuss the information they found. Purchase:  Your audience buys your product. Each one on the funnel stages will have marketing goals that need to be met to move customers through the funnel. Here are some potential example goals for your marketing funnel. Depending on your funnel, your goals may change. Awareness Goal Examples: Gain 2,500 organic views for every blog post. Reach 500 people for every Facebook post. Interest Goal Examples: Get 3,000 new email subscribers a week. Gain 750 new social fans per month. Consideration Goal Examples: Get 50% of new customers in nurturing email follow. Qualify 50 new leads from the email list per week. Intent Goal Examples: Have 25 new sales calls a week. Evaluation Goal Examples: Write five bottom of the funnel marketing posts a month. Set up ten demo calls a month with potential customers. Purchase Goal Examples: Convert 75% of sales calls to purchases. Achieve an average order value of $50 or higher. Recommended Reading: How to Set Social Media Goals To Crush Your Business Objectives Step Six: Measure Progress Toward Your Objectives The last step is to figure out how you are going to measure and report on the progress. Before you even begin to build your reports, you and your boss need to determine how often you need to report your results. These could come weekly, monthly, bi-monthly, or quarterly. Once you’ve determined how often you’re going to create your report, you need to choose what metrics you’re going to track. These metrics will usually revolve around the goals you set for your team. If we were to choose a series of metrics based on our marketing funnel goals, they would look something like this. Awareness Metrics Example: Gain 2,500 organic views for every blog post  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many organic views do you get for each post? What is the average? Reach 500 people for every Facebook post sent → How many people does your Facebook post reach on average? What was the highest number of people reached? Interest Metrics Examples: Get 3,000 new email subscribers a week  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many new subscribers did we gain in this reporting period? What was the average? Gain 750 new social fans per month  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many fans did we gain in this reporting period? How many fans did we gain per social channel? Consideration Metrics Examples: Get 50% of new customers in nurturing email follow  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many new email subscribers entered the nurture email flow in the reporting period? Intent Metrics Examples: Have 25 new sales calls a week  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many new sales calls did we get in the reporting period? What is our average? Qualify 50 new leads from the email list per week  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many leads did you get in the reporting period? How many of them could be considered marketing qualified leads? Evaluation Metrics Examples: Write five bottom of the funnel marketing posts a month  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many leads came from your bottom of the funnel marketing posts? How often did they help convert customers? Set up ten demo calls a month with potential customers  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many demo calls were completed? How many of them converted into paying customers? Purchase Metrics Examples: Convert 75% of sales calls to purchases  Ã¢â€ â€™ What is the average purchase price from a sales call? How many calls converted? Achieve an average order value of $50 or higher  Ã¢â€ â€™ What is the order value for each call? What was the average in the reporting period? One free and widely-used option for objectives reporting is  Google Analytics. Google Analytics can help you find an enormous amount of data about your audience and overall online marketing performance. Other popular options include: Kissmetrics In-app social analytics Raven Tools Hubspot DataBox Adobe Analytics Learn how to build a better marketing report  to look like a genius to your boss. DID YOU KNOW: offers robust analytics to measure content and social media performance? Learn all about it here. Get Your 2018 Marketing Objectives Back On Track Now that Peter and Natalie (and you) have all the information you need, you can set your marketing goals and objectives to make this year your most successful year yet. Once you’re ready to move on to the execution phase of your marketing strategy, see how can help. Sign up for a demo  or start your free trial  now!

Birth Control Pills - Why Theyre Free

Birth Control Pills - Why Theyre Free American insurance companies are required to provide birth control pills and other forms of contraception at no cost to women under guidelines announced by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in August 2011. The insurance rules calling for free birth control pills take effect on Aug. 1, 2012, and expand medical coverage under the health care reform law signed by President Barack Obama, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Act helps stop health problems before they start, said then Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius. These historic guidelines are based on science and existing literature and will help ensure women get the preventive health benefits they need. At the time the rules were announced 28 states required health insurance companies to pay for birth control pills and other forms of contraception. Reaction to Free Birth Control Pills The rule requiring insurers to provide birth control for women at no cost was met with praise from family-planning organizations, and criticism from the health care industry and conservative activists. Cecile Richards, president of Planned Parenthood Federation of America, described the Obama administration rule as being a historic victory for womens health and women across the country. Covering birth control without co-pays is one of the most important steps we can take to prevent unintended pregnancy and keep women and children healthy, Richards said in a prepared statement. Conservative activists argued that taxpayer money should not be used to pay for contraception, and the healthcare industry said the move would force them to raise premiums and increase the cost of coverage to consumers. How Insurers Will Provide Birth Control Pills The rules give women access to all Food and Drug Administration-approved contraceptive methods, sterilization procedures, and patient education and counseling. The measure does not include abortifacient drugs or emergency contraception. The coverage rules allow insurers to use reasonable medical management to help define their coverage and keep costs down. For example, they will still be allowed to charge copayments for brand-name drugs if a generic version is available and is just as effective and safe for the patient. Copayments, or copays, are paid by consumers when they purchase prescriptions or go to their doctors. Birth control pills cost as much as $50 a month under many insurance plans. Religious institutions that offer insurance to their employees have the choice of whether to cover birth control pills and other contraception services. Reason for Free Birth Control Pills The Department of Health and Human Services considers the provision of birth control pills as necessary preventive health care. Before health reform, too many Americans didnt get the preventive health care they need to stay healthy, avoid or delay the onset of disease, lead productive lives, and reduce health care costs, the agency said. Often because of cost, Americans used preventive services at about half the recommended rate. The government described family planning services as being an essential preventive service for women and critical to appropriately spacing and ensuring intended pregnancies, which results in improved maternal health and better birth outcomes. Other Preventative Measures Covered Under the rules announced in 2011, insurers are also required to provide, at no cost to consumers: well-woman visits;screening for gestational diabetes;human papillomavirus DNA testing for women 30 years and older;sexually-transmitted infection counseling;human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening and counseling;breastfeeding support, supplies, and counseling;and domestic violence screening and counseling. 2018: Trump Weakens Birth Control Coverage Mandate On November 7, 2018, the Trump administration issued two final regulations allowing employers to deny women insurance coverage for birth control measures as a preventative health service. The first of the two rules issued by the Department of Health and Human Services allows exemptions to the Obamacare contraceptive coverage mandate for entities that object to such coverage based on religious beliefs. The second final rule allows coverage exemptions to nonprofit organizations and small businesses that have moral, non-religious objections to contraception. â€Å"The Departments estimate the exemptions may affect the coverage of approximately 6,400 women, and state that in no case will they impact more than 127,000 women, which the Departments suggest is far more than will actually be impacted,† said the Department in a press release. The religious and moral exemptions provided by the rules apply to institutions of education, issuers, and individuals. However, the exemption for moral beliefs does not extend to publicly traded businesses, and neither the moral nor the religious exemption apply to federal government agencies or entities, according to the Department. â€Å"These rules affect a small fraction of the 165 million women in the U.S.† Stated the Department. â€Å"The rules leave in place contraceptive coverage guidelines where no religious or moral objection exists, and they do not change the Health Resources and Services Administration’s authority to decide whether to include contraceptives in the women’s preventive services guidelines for other entities.† Issued in the form of federal regulations at the direction of a presidential executive order, rather than an act of Congress, the rules may be amended or repealed at any time by the current or future presidential administrations. Updated by Robert Longley

Contract Law Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contract Law Degree - Case Study Example The case is similar to that of Bad Wound v. Lakota Community Homes, Inc., 1999 SD 165, 9, 603 NW2d 723, 725 Rupert has full right to demand Herbert to settle the payment as per the terms of contract. Rupert has fulfilled all provisions of the contract to the full satisfaction of Herbert.As such Rupert has not violated the terms of contract and has fully satisfied the clauses of the contract. Hubert has evidently declared that Rupert has satisfied the terms and is content with the work he has done. So, Rupert has the full right to demand the actual cost with a 10% of deduction. If Hubert fails to give the remaining 15% of the costof the listed items Rupert can very well move the court demanding the same.The court will direct Hubert to pay him the remaining amount with or without bank interest. Rupert must move the court for claiming the amount unpaid by Hubert. The law of tort is regarded as a legal injury. It establishes the situations under which an individual might be held legally responsible for another's injury as a result of either deliberate acts or accidents. Consequently, on these grounds, in England, the traits were first established by the principles of Roman law several centuries ago. This legal system of domestically dealing with assault and battery was based on nominate torts. Nominate tort is a sharp contrast to the open Continental approach to tortuous liability. Thus, to constitute a tort the following conditions have to be satisfied: The wrong doer must have committed some omission on his/her part. Such acts or omissions on the part of the wrong doer must result in violation of legal rights of the aggrieved. Torts can be categorized into three groups. They are: 1. Intentional torts (e.g., deliberately harming a person); 2. Negligent torts (inducing an accident by not obeying traffic rules); and 3. Strict liability torts (e.g., liability for being aware of the defects in making and selling the products). The Law of Tort with regard to negligence is being examined in this essay. Negligence The law of negligence was originated in a court case Donahue v Stephenson (1932) in which a woman named Donahue suffered from gastro-enteritis after drinking ginger beer from a bottle which contained a dead snail. She took legal action for damages for personal injury. The judge who heard the case was Lord Atkins, and he ruled for the first time ever, that the manufacturer of the ginger beer had a 'duty of care' for the safety and well being of Donahue, notwithstanding that it was her friend who had actually bought the bottle, and in allowing a snail to remain in the bottle of ginger beer, the manufacturer had been negligent. The scope of the duty of care in negligence was defined by Lord Atkins in this case. He found: "You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbor. Who, then, in law, is my neighbor The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question." Breach of the duty of care was best conceived and summed up in Blyth v Birmingham

SCIE210 U4 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SCIE210 U4 DB - Research Paper Example Ground level ozone has been described as having the capacity to spread easily, a factor that increases the risk of it exerting its adverse effects on the environment and people (Amann & World Health Organization 2008). The ground level ozone is highly hazardous contrary to the protective upper ozone. Experts have highlighted that it causes a chronic level of lung disease to infected people. Its adverse effects are more evident in children because of the size of their lungs. Moreover, affects vegetation and natural ecosystems (Gillespie, 2006). This explains why the ozone has caused turmoil in the ecosystem today. The environmental protection agency has initiated programs of reducing ozone pollution. Moreover, there are regulatory measures that define high protective standards as well as voluntary and community efforts to minimize ozone pollution. Evidently, everyone needs to assume more responsibility in environmental protection, and definition of stringent regulations. The American Brass site Superfund has an acreage of 148 and is located in Alabama, specifically in north Dothan in Henry County. This Superfund was on the national priority list in 1999. The former brass-smelting site was assessed by the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and had hazardous contaminants. These included metals such as boron and lead as well polynated byphenols. After the assessment, a cleanup process of the site followed. From the available data on the EPA website, the cleanup process is complete and human exposures at the site under control. This information serves to inspire communities to institute programs of environmental preservation (Environmental Protection Agency,

A Presentation by Raj Rupani - International Tax Manager Essay

A Presentation by Raj Rupani - International Tax Manager - Essay Example In addition, Raj seemed to be quite conversant with the social media; he made us understand the best ways of using the social media both as individuals and in the corporate. There was so much to learn from Raj’s career and training. He mentioned to us about his journey, on how he came to develop a strong passion for accounting. This prompted him to join an accounting school where he successfully finished before joining the work environment. Raj is an accomplished professional who challenged me to have a passion and pursue it fully. What made his presentation even more interesting was the versatility applied. He gave us many experiences from several of his friends and people he had read about, he was quite knowledgeable. At Deloitte, Raj mentions that the career has turned him into a global trotter; he has visited several countries in the world and the chances of touring many more still remain ripe. I really admired his career. Technology is the driver of life in the 21st Century; this was his message concerning the use of technology. He started by dispelling the notion among young people that Facebook and other social media platforms are only used for communicating with friends. His dimension of thought challenged me, he told us how they have capitalized on the social media at Deloitte and have completely transformed the customer experience. Social media makes it easy and convenient to communicate to clients and it is possible to customize the communication to a particular client or a group of clients. Since accounting information in an organization is kept confidential, he mentioned the various ways in which we can be able to have secure social media communication. He took time to motivate us to become our best in whatever we do. Raj’s works still keep on lingering in my mind; he said that we should be able to understand what we are good at and start exercising. Citing his own example, he said an individual who endeavours to pursue accounting should have a passion and a positive attitude towards mathematics and other affiliate courses.  

Final Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final - Case Study Example The employees in many of such organizations feel that co-operating the concept of self managed work team is analogous with the assistance of their own execution. â€Å"The concept of self-managed work teams is also opposed by the supervisors of many organizations who do not intend to become the facilitators†. The self managed work team violates the principal of unit of command. Studies and organizational behavior theories have proved that there is contradiction in the effectiveness of the self-managed work teams. Such a situation could also be highlighted from the case when Knowlton was not able to align himself with the objectives of the whole team after Feaster arrived and began showing his superiority in the subject matter and research worked by the team. It should also be noted that in the meeting with the sponsors of the research, except the departmental heads, bosses and supervisors only Feaster was the only employee that was invited for the meeting and was asked to give presentation about the proceedings of the research. Even though he had been an active participant in the research since his joining, other employees were also the part of the project and had been working on the same for much longer period them him. It is also observed that employees working as a part of self-manage d work teams have high attrition rate and absenteeism then the people working in a conventional work groups. Fester’s role in the organization was determined by largely his personality. From the day he was appointed to the team and project, he was dedicated and excited to complete the research. He started getting in close connection with the Link, the mathematician of the group spending time discussing the method of analysis of the patterns that link had been worrying about over the past few months. He tried to understand the concept on which they were

Children of Heaven Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Children of Heaven Film Analysis - Essay Example In doing so the film also shows that the children look out for each other. Although Zahra could have gone to her parents and reported the entire incident but she chooses to defend her brother by cooperating with him. The familial coherence depicted in the film represents a culture defined by a strong family institution. Alternatively it may also be argued that poverty stricken circumstances force people to look out for each other in small groups such as families. However either way a strong family institution cannot be denied in Iranian culture. Other than the issues of frugality and a closely knit family, the film’s settings warrant a lot of attention. The film contrasts the dwellings and neighborhoods of the poor and the affluent in modern Tehran where the film has been shot. The inner city where the family resides dates back to medieval times and is a hallmark of congestion and urban sprawl. Generations after generations have grown up in the same houses that are placed toge ther in thin streets. As families expand, there is demand for more and more living space. However the closely knit family structure demands that a consanguine family arrangement must persist even in terms of living. Given the shortage of space these old houses cannot be expanded vertically so to deal with a larger family’s accommodation problems, the only real solution is to build upwards. There is of course a limit to how high these buildings can be constructed - not due to regulatory requirements but rather due to flimsy construction techniques in use. These houses are built by placing walls that are then covered using roofs using largely bricks and cement only. This mandates that these buildings cannot be expanded more than a few storeys’ high (generally two to three storey’s high only). When the inner city depicted in the film is analyzed it is immediately apparent that the buildings are not more than two to three storey’s high and are placed together one after the other. The high demand for housing space in an already constrained area means that there is no concept of gardens or small green patches to make the environment a little better. Instead any small spaces that could have been used for vegetation are also occupied or merged into housing spaces. Furthermore the high demand for housing means that any open spaces that would have been reserved for civic purposes such as parks have also been occupied to build houses. Throughout the entire film there are no parks or other civic facilities shown in the inner city which in turn indicates that the people living in the inner city have little chances for recreation. Socially this would also lead to other problems such as the use of drugs but this has not been depicted by the film because its intended audience is mainly children. The hap hazardous placement of houses together in such a fashion means that markets are not planned features of such settlements. However there is little d enying that markets would still be required so alternative make shift arrangements can be expected. When Ali goes to the cobbler, the film provides a glimpse into the market based arrangement in the inner city in Tehran. The cobbler can be seen sitting in the middle of a street crossing (popularly known as a â€Å"chowk† in South East Asia) while other vendors and peddlers are also available nearby. The cobbler is depicted occupying a part of the street to secure his work area. Other than the cobbler there are a number

Methods of Raise Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Methods of Raise Capital - Essay Example Bonds are the best way to raise capital of large companies. Roughly about 25% of the capital comes through bonds. Companies get benefit greatly from the issuance of bonds because investors pay a lower interest rate than the rates of other types of borrowing. Also, because the interest paid on bonds is exempted from business taxes. Therefore, companies must make interest payments even if profits do not appear. If there is doubt from investors that the company does not have the capability to meet the obligations of interest, or it could refuse to buy bonds or that the demand for interest rate will be higher to compensate them for their increased risk. (U.S.Department, 2009). One of the most common methods of raising capital is through bonds , where we define bonds are loans made to governments and institutions by investors as the investor get a specific interest rate because he invests his money in good investment idea. In return, the borrower gets the money it needed, also the investo r gets the original amount invested (the principal amount or value of the bond issue) and can issue bonds for a long period of up to 20 and 30 years. Bonds are classified according to their quality bonds or prospects for reimbursement. Bonds do not usually find the same attention, such as equity from investors and the media. Since the bonds offer many advantages better than stock. In addition, safety of bonds is over stocks and more confident. (Mohammed, 2005). There are many companies planning to raise their capital. For example, Lloyds Bank announced that it will raise the bank's capital to 7.5 billion pounds, through the exchange of bonds. (Glover, 2009). The bond market can be divided into three parts: Domestic bonds: Shall be handled through the local currency and it is issued by domestic borrowers. Foreign bonds: Shall be handled by the local currency and is also trading in the domestic market but issued from foreign borrower and always common on the comprehensive follow-up of power. Eurobonds: Eurobonds is underwriting by multinational banks and these bonds are not taken by the trading in all markets and specific national or local markets, these bonds are currently has role in the production of some of the major currencies and some small currencies. There are many types of bonds are offered in the market. These bonds can be dividing it as follows: Straight bonds: Can be called fixed-income securities as they have a fixed price and are paid on time. Bonds paid in part: These bonds the same straight bonds, but there is a difference that the investor must pay a certain portion of the capital from 0 to 33 on the closing date and paid the remaining of the capital after 6 months. Zero-coupon bond: These bonds also the same straight bonds, but the difference is that it does not have a fixed time for the payment of benefits, but there is a problem in high-value discounts and must pay the original amou

Children of Heaven Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Children of Heaven Film Analysis - Essay Example In doing so the film also shows that the children look out for each other. Although Zahra could have gone to her parents and reported the entire incident but she chooses to defend her brother by cooperating with him. The familial coherence depicted in the film represents a culture defined by a strong family institution. Alternatively it may also be argued that poverty stricken circumstances force people to look out for each other in small groups such as families. However either way a strong family institution cannot be denied in Iranian culture. Other than the issues of frugality and a closely knit family, the film’s settings warrant a lot of attention. The film contrasts the dwellings and neighborhoods of the poor and the affluent in modern Tehran where the film has been shot. The inner city where the family resides dates back to medieval times and is a hallmark of congestion and urban sprawl. Generations after generations have grown up in the same houses that are placed toge ther in thin streets. As families expand, there is demand for more and more living space. However the closely knit family structure demands that a consanguine family arrangement must persist even in terms of living. Given the shortage of space these old houses cannot be expanded vertically so to deal with a larger family’s accommodation problems, the only real solution is to build upwards. There is of course a limit to how high these buildings can be constructed - not due to regulatory requirements but rather due to flimsy construction techniques in use. These houses are built by placing walls that are then covered using roofs using largely bricks and cement only. This mandates that these buildings cannot be expanded more than a few storeys’ high (generally two to three storey’s high only). When the inner city depicted in the film is analyzed it is immediately apparent that the buildings are not more than two to three storey’s high and are placed together one after the other. The high demand for housing space in an already constrained area means that there is no concept of gardens or small green patches to make the environment a little better. Instead any small spaces that could have been used for vegetation are also occupied or merged into housing spaces. Furthermore the high demand for housing means that any open spaces that would have been reserved for civic purposes such as parks have also been occupied to build houses. Throughout the entire film there are no parks or other civic facilities shown in the inner city which in turn indicates that the people living in the inner city have little chances for recreation. Socially this would also lead to other problems such as the use of drugs but this has not been depicted by the film because its intended audience is mainly children. The hap hazardous placement of houses together in such a fashion means that markets are not planned features of such settlements. However there is little d enying that markets would still be required so alternative make shift arrangements can be expected. When Ali goes to the cobbler, the film provides a glimpse into the market based arrangement in the inner city in Tehran. The cobbler can be seen sitting in the middle of a street crossing (popularly known as a â€Å"chowk† in South East Asia) while other vendors and peddlers are also available nearby. The cobbler is depicted occupying a part of the street to secure his work area. Other than the cobbler there are a number

Central Teachings Essay Example for Free

Central Teachings Essay The central teachings of Islam are oneness of God and of humanity; prophethood and the compass of Islam; human relationship to the divine; belief in the unseen life; and belief in the Last Judgment (Fisher, 2005). Oneness of God and of humanity Islam teaches that there is only one God. This is why the first words spoken to a Muslim infant are the words of the Shahadah – â€Å"la ilaha ill-Allah Muhammad-un Rasulu-llah† (â€Å"There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God†). According to Muslims, God may be called by many names, but all the attributes assigned to those different names only make up the totality of the One God who created the universe. They contend that there must be absolute unity among all men of all races because they were all created by only one God and should therefore be brothers under the same God. Stretching this argument further, Islam maintains that no one race should be considered the chosen race, nor be considered superior than other races. Islam teaches that the individual should be one with God, therefore his or her thoughts and deeds should always be inspired by God. This oneness of God and of humanity was very emphatically expressed by Abu Hashim Madami, an Indian Sufi sage, when he said that â€Å"There is only one thing to be gained in life, and that is to remember God with each breath; and there is only one loss in life, and that is the breath drawn without the remembrance of God† (Fisher. 2005). Prophethood and the compass of Islam All the prophets from Abraham to Jesus Christ are honored, but they maintain that Muhammad was the last prophet sent by God with the final message. This means, therefore, that the Qur’an sums up all the messages from God so Islam should include all religions, including Christianity and Judaism which also trace their roots to Abraham (Fisher, 2005). Muslims believe that although God sent many messengers namely: â€Å"Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus and Muhammad,† the message He revealed to Muhammad was the final message intended for all of mankind (Robinson, 2007). Human relationship to the divine They believe that God created the universe for a specific purpose or purposes. To achieve His purpose/s, He set down particular laws to govern the actions of everybody. For this reason, Islam maintains that man could live in peace and prosperity only if he recognizes the laws which were set by God and faithfully abide by them. The set of laws of Islam is called the Sharia Law which has been derived from the Qur’an and the Sunna, which has been considered as the Islamic â€Å"custom or practice; particularly that associated with the exemplary life of the Prophet Muhammad, comprising his deeds and utterances as recorded in the hadith† (Robinson, 2007). Belief in the unseen life They accept the existence of the unseen life such as angels. Specifically, they believe in Gabriel, whom they have credited with bringing down the messages of God to humanity. Muhammad, for one, related that the revelations were sometimes brought to him by an angel in human form who would recite the Qur’anic passages to him. They likewise believe that Satan exists just as they believe that there are saints. Belief in the Last Judgment For them, the Last Judgment means that dead Muslims are allowed some rest before being raised from the grave for the final reckoning, after which the sinners and the unbelievers are sent to hell (Fisher. 2005). Those who lived their lives on earth believing in Allah and his prophets and messengers would enter paradise while â€Å"Agnostics, Atheists, Polytheists, and followers of non-Abrahamic religions† would be rejected. Entry into Paradise, according to Muslims, would likewise be denied to all those whose lives were dominated by â€Å"evil deeds† (Robinson, 2007).

Are Juries the Most Appropriate Way of Deciding Guilt?

Are Juries the Most Appropriate Way of Deciding Guilt? Abigail Louise Lines   From a Psychological Perspective, Are Juries the Most Appropriate Way of Deciding a Persons Guilt? The judicial system within the United Kingdom has a perverse history, with its origins in the church influencing modern systems and the human rights we have within the court today (Brooks, 2004). Before criminal trial juries were an established concept in the United Kingdom, there were three ways in which the degree of a persons innocence was established: a Wager of Law, Trial by Battle and The Ordeals (Brooks, 2004). These tests primarily consisted of physical challenges in which God was believed to be the primary authority to pass judgement and decide a persons guilt; these trials disregarded human rights, often involved physical anguish and frequently resulted in the death of the accused (Brooks, 2004). It was not until 1219 that individuals accused of a crime were allowed to appeal to a jury, however, individuals who refused to appeal through a jury were subjected to Prison Forte et Dure, where the accused were physically and emotionally tried until they consented to this appeal procedure (Berger, 2011). Due to the influence of the church and the belief that God was involved in the decision of guilt, it was rare that jury members in the appeal procedure would have to justify their decisions and have their verdicts questioned (Berger, 2011). During the early 1300s jurors verdicts began to be doubted and those who served on a jury could be challenged as unfit, incompetent or corrupt; this later led to reforms as to who would be allowed to serve on a jury and an emphasis on mandatory guidelines to follow (Smith Wales, 2000). Modern criminal trials consist of 12-16 individuals selected at random from the electoral register to represent their peers; they discuss the factors influencing the case at hand to ultimately determine the level of guilt of the involved and to deliver an appropriate verdict (Smith Wales, 1999). Juror capabilities have been questioned in recent years due to a rising number of [G1]criticisms of competency, variances between the judges and jurys verdict, and the role of inadmissible evidence which is believed to influence jurors decisions (Smith Wales, 1999; Hans, 2008). To understand and assess whether juries are appropriate for deciding an individuals guilt, the current essay will explore psychological evidence and criticisms of the jury. It will critically evaluate factors involved in juror decision making and competency, recognising the role of current systems in place and how these systems may influence the reliability of jurors. Furthermore, it will investigate alternatives to juries, systems used in countries outside of the UK and improvements to be made to the modern jury.[G2][G3][G4][G5][G6] Juror decision making models have been a point of interest for those critiquing the jury system; several empirical studies have created and reviewed models of juror decision making to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of having a jury (Pennington Hastie, 1981). Cognitive models of juror decision making are the more commonly accepted approaches, specifically that of the Story Model (Pennington Hastie, 1992). The Story Model assumes that jurors construct stories when deciding on a verdict; they will piece together known elements of the case, learn the appropriate verdicts for the individual and then make a decision based on the goodness of fit principle (Pennington Hastie, 1992). Although this structure recognises that individuals will use schemas to interpret the case at hand, it relies on this aspect heavily when individuals create the stories (Pennington Hastie, 1992). Due to the level of variance in individuals schemas, this may be a critique of using jurors in civil and cr iminal trials due to the differences in how they interpret events within the case; it makes it increasingly difficult to come to a unanimous decision, especially in complex cases wherein there are multiple aggravating and mitigating factors involved (Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). The Story Model also takes into account the jurors previous knowledge of the legal system when applying their story to the verdict; this again uses real world knowledge court cases which may not derive from reliable sources, such as movies and television shows, which in turn may cause them to arrive at a disagreeable or incorrect verdict (Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). Few meta-analyses have reviewed models of juror decision making, however, all have arrived at similar conclusions for improvements (Saks Marti, 1997; Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). Variables such as knowledge of legal terms, clarification of verdict options, jury personality types, defendant criminal history and the strength of the evidence presented all affect jury decision outcomes[G7] in studies; without systematically controlling for these factors in studies, it is difficult to firmly accept the level at which jurors are a reliable means of assessing an individuals guilt (Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). It is, however, possible to understand improvements to be made to the current jury system from the meta-analyses on decision making models; Saks and Marti (1997) explained that jurors express difficulty in understanding and applying instructions given by the judge. This thought to be due to the specific language used in legal settings, which indiv iduals without training may find difficult to understand; it has been suggested that instructions given by judges should be mediated for language which may confuse jurors and be re-written to allow for clarification (Saks Marti 1997; Hans, 2008). [G8][G9] Juror competency is currently monitored within the United Kingdom, through a comparison of verdicts, analysis of verdict patterns, a series of interviews or questionnaires and also through the use of mock jury studies (Hans, 2008). As previously mentioned, there are concerns that jurors may find it difficult within a court setting to understand the specific legal terminology used by judges, however, there is also evidence that jurors may express difficulty in understanding statistical and economic evidence; this is of particular concern during complex cases with industry specific language, wherein the jury may not be able to discuss the specific factors regarding the case as they are unable to fully comprehend it (ForsterLee, Horowitz, Bourgeois, 1993). There have been studies which disagree with this critique, as findings have shown that Judges and Jurors generally match in their verdicts in cases involving complex language (Eisenberg, Hannaford-Agor, Hans, Mott, Schwab Wells, 200 5). Further studies exploring individual versus group competence wield reassuring results for those in favour of the judicial system; one study exploring theorems of group confidence found that regardless of the overall individual competence, jury members in a larger group are less likely to make mistakes due to being able to deliberate on ideas (Grofman, Owen Feld, 1983). Along with larger group sizes increasing juror competence, several studies have found that note taking and engagement is the ideal way in which juror competence is enhanced; jurors that weigh in, take notes and assume an active role in deliberating the final verdict have been shown to have a higher level of engagement with the case, which leads to a higher level of competence (Heuer Penrod, 1994; Forsterlee Horowitz, 1997). Until 1967, the British court required juries to reach a unanimous verdict; modern UK courts judges will now accept a majority vote, however, in some states in the USA the unanimity rule is still applied (Sunstein, 2014). It is believed that forcing juries to reach unanimous verdicts decreases the chance that an innocent individual is convicted, and the guilty being acquitted, yet research argues that these errors may actually increase if individuals are forced to reach unanimity (Feddersen Pesendorfer, 1998). This is believed to be due to jurors attempting to apply strategic behaviour to their decision making while disregarding their intuition (Feddersen Pesendorfer, 1998). [G10] Further criticisms of the unanimity rule consider that forcing unanimous verdicts increases the time and costs of court trials, and also increases the chance of a retrial taking place (Neilson Winter, 2005; McCormick, 2012). While this supports the use of juries for deciding a persons guilt, there is conflicting research which suggests that allowing for a majority verdict may cause uncertainty in the final outcome; several studies have found that those forced to make unanimous decisions found greater satisfaction and confidence in their decisions, as they felt as though they had discussed evidence more thoroughly and delayed their voting (Diamond, Rose Murphy, 2012; Sunstein, 2014). Furthermore, OConnor (2003) argued that not having unanimity decreases confidence and reliability within the group if one juror disagrees; it is therefore contended that forcing a unanimous decision increases the principle that there is proof beyond reasonable doubt that the individual is guilty. [G11] The role of inadmissible evidence is also a concern within court cases within the United Kingdom due to the increased exposure of online materials which may sway jurors verdicts; inadmissible evidence not only includes pre-trial exposure, but also statements and information revealed in court (Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Certain safeguards are currently in place to ensure that inadmissible evidence does not affect jurors or their verdicts, such as continuance, a reliance on voir dire to remove biased jurors, deliberations, and admonitions (Lieberman Arndt, 2000). It is believed, however, that these precautions have little effect on juror prejudice and in some cases may backfire ([G12]Lieberman Sales, 1997; Lieberman Arndt, 2000; Steblay, Hosch, Culhane McWethy, 2006). This reluctance to ignore inadmissible evidence may be explained by several psychological theories such as Belief Perseverance, Hindsight Bias and Reactance Theory (Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Reactance Theory is the more commonly accepted theory behind this effect as it explains why there is a reluctance with certain forms of evidence; it occurs when individuals feel that their freedom is limited and therefore attempt to re-establish this autonomy and gain control (Torrance Brehm, 1968; Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Empirical research has been found to highlight the negative consequences of inadmissible evidence on jurors; jurors have been found to issue more guilty verdicts when strong inadmissible evidence is given, and the strength of this evidence also has the ability to influence the overall confidence in their verdict (Sue, Smith, Caldwell, 1973). Furthermore, one study conducted by Thompson, Fong and Rosenhan (1981) found that when given pro-acquittal inadmissible evidence, jurors are less likely to convict the defendant; this study also revealed that jurors were able to recognise that their decisions have been influenced by inadmissible evidence. This may be detrimental to the belief that juries are the most appropriate method of deciding an individuals guilt as it demonstrates the reluctance to follow instructions from members of authority; it further establishes that although jurors recognise that they are being influenced by inadmissible evidence, they will do little in terms of reco nsidering their final verdicts. In light of this research, several psychologists have recommended ways to lessen the impact of inadmissible evidence. One meta-analysis covering 48 studies and 8,474 participants has found that while judicial instructions do not lessen the influence of inadmissible evidence, if a rationale is given for disregarding the evidence, such as it having a negative effect on family members of those implicated, the overall influence of it is reduced (Steblay, Hosch, Culhane McWethy, 2006). Further recommendations include jurors repeatedly sworn in before deliberation begins; this allows for an emphasis on the importance of disregarding inadmissible evidence and motivation to follow the law (Lieberman Sales, 1997; Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Research regarding juror decision making has been applied to many stages in legal processes, with courts obtaining information frequently from social scientists to assist in legal battles; psychologists are commonly requested in court as expert witnesses, in cases such as eyewitness testimonies, to educate the jurors and ensure they competent when deliberating on the trial (Kassin, Ellsworth Smith, 1989; Pennington Hastie, 1990). Although the role of [G13]an expert witness calls for those of sound scientific and technical understanding to assist the jury, there are critics who argue that those who testify as an expert may hold biases; claims that researchers appearing in particularly violent or morally ambiguous cases, such as those involving rape or child molestation, may still hold personal values when issuing a statement, therefore when these personal values appear they may sway the jury in a certain direction (Loftus Monahan, 1980). In this case it is not the jurys responsibil ity to counteract this measure, however, the defence, [G14]prosecution, [G15]and judge must ensure that counterclaims are issued should bias remarks enter the court (Loftus Monahan, 1980). Nevertheless, this remains a criticism of the practicality of using juries when deciding an individuals guilt. [G16][G17] With these criticisms of the modern jury in mind, some researchers have explored alternatives to juries which include specially qualified jurors and the concept of a non-jury tribunal (Norris, 1993). There are currently few specifications when an individual is called to jury service, with exceptions including a history of mental health conditions, reduced English speaking or writing aptitude or those who have served a prison sentence in the last five years; due to the limited criteria, researchers have expressed concern that those presiding over important decisions may not possess the acumen to understand the ramifications of sentencing, therefore, minimal educational qualifications should be imposed (Norris, 1993). Norris (1993) has explained that it would be desirable that those serving on a jury hold specialist qualifications especially in complex cases, for example, a bachelors degree. [G18]Norris (1993) continues by explaining that if minimal educational qualifications are not e nough to ensure the competence of jurors, then expert non-jury tribunals may be of use in complex, industry-specific cases.   [G19][G20][G21][G22] Although juror incompetence is a concern, both of these suggestions appeal for educated jurors to be called more frequently into jury service, especially for more convoluted cases; criticisms of these improvements include the criterion in which we define a complex case, that jurors may no longer be considered peers but superiors, and that some industries are already limited in their personnel, therefore, frequently calling them to jury service may negatively affect their area of work (Hersch, 2003). Henkel (1976) explains that alternatives and improvements should be made, however, until these concerns are resolved smaller changes should be made to ensure the competence of jurors. There are several alternatives to juries which are currently used within other countries, such as the use of religious law which utilises divine doctrines to pass judgement, or a mixed system of civil and religious law which recognises cultural and lawful judgements, and full tribunals without the use of juries (Frase, 1990). Due to the mix of cultures in the United Kingdom, the reintroduction of religious law would not be advisable to improve the current judicial system. France officially abolished trial by jury in 1941 and now uses six lay judges, and three professional judges to preside over cases; in this system there are separate tribunals for how serious the offence is and the type of offence involved (Frase, 1990). While we may look to this structure to improve our own judicial system, one concern would be that they would not represent those from the community on trial, as they are more likely to come from a primarily middle class and legal background (Frase, 1990). To conclude, the criticisms offered in the current essay explain that the current judicial system is not without flaw. The structure currently used within the United Kingdom could make several improvements to increase the degree to which jurors make an appropriate decision, such as specialists which assist jurors in understanding the language used within the court system, the encouragement of note taking and taking an active role in deliberation, further precautions taken to lessen the impact of inadmissible evidence, and safeguards in place to ensure that prejudices from expert witnesses do not influence jurors in their verdicts. It is advised that policy makers take these issues into account when discussing the current regulations in place. Before we are able to implement improvements and look to other systems for advice, we must appreciate that the current judicial structure has been in the United Kingdom, and influenced other countries systems such as the United States, for a num ber of years. Although the current essay establishes that juries may not be the more appropriate method for deciding a persons guilt, until realistic alternatives are established and tested, juries will remain to be the only viable option within the United Kingdom.[G23] References Berger, B. (2011). Judges, Juries, and the History of Criminal Appeals. Law And History Review, 29(01), 297-302. doi: 10.1017/s073824801000129x. Devine, D., Clayton, L., Dunford, B., Seying, R., Pryce, J. (2001). Jury decision making: 45 years of empirical research on deliberating groups. Psychology, Public Policy, And Law, 7(3), 622-727. doi: 10.1037//1076-8971.7.3.622. Diamond, S., Murphy, B., Rose, M. (2012). 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